Cosmology and Gravitation Theories

State of the evidence

The standard flat $\Lambda$CDM model remains highly consistent with large-scale BAO and supernova data 1,3. However, a persistent 'Hubble tension' exists between local distance ladder measurements and CMB data 9,10. Research is exploring extensions such as dynamical dark energy 7, early modified gravity (e.g., Horndeski theories) 10, and screened fifth forces 9 to resolve this discrepancy. Neutrino mass constraints are being refined through combined Bayesian analyses of CMB and BAO data 7.

Key findings

• DESI BAO data alone are consistent with the standard flat $\Lambda$CDM cosmological model 1,3. 1 3
• A significant discrepancy (Hubble tension) exists between local $H_0$ measurements and CMB-derived values 9,10. 9 10
• Dynamical dark energy models with $w(z) \ge -1$ provide tighter constraints on the sum of neutrino masses than $\Lambda$CDM 7. 7
• Screened fifth forces in the local Universe may bias Cepheid calibration, potentially resolving the Hubble tension 9. 9
• Modified gravity mechanisms (e.g., cubic Galileon) can increase the expansion rate during the era of matter-radiation equality to reconcile $H_0$ without fine-tuning 10. 10

Where the evidence disagrees

• Standard $\Lambda$CDM is highly consistent with BAO data 1,3, yet fails to reconcile the local vs. global Hubble constant measurements 9,10.
• Deterministic hadronic cosmology 2 explicitly rejects the probabilistic matrices and virtual bosons of the Standard Model 5.

Open opportunities

What the research supports that no idea in the catalog takes yet.

• Screened Fifth-Force Calibration Tool

  Evidence suggests screened fifth forces alter Cepheid period-luminosity relations, biasing $H_0$ 9. A tool to quantify this bias for specific galactic environments is missing.

• Early Dark Energy (EDE) / Modified Gravity Simulation Plugin

  Horndeski theories and IDEE models provide solutions to the Hubble tension at the era of equality 10, but these are not yet integrated into standard simulation pipelines.

• Neutrino-Dark Energy Interaction Analyzer

  Since dynamical dark energy models tighten neutrino mass constraints 7, a tool to analyze the coupling/interaction between these two sectors is supported.

References

1. 1.DESI 2024 VI: cosmological constraints from the measurements of baryon acoustic oscillationsA. G. Adame, José Edgar Madriz Aguilar, S. Ahlen et al. · 2025 · 1007 citations
2. 2.Análisis Comparativo y Refutación Determinista de la Incertidumbre Cuántica Óptica de Fluidos en la Variedad RP3 vs. Ortodoxia ProbabilísticaPerelman, Grisha · 2026 · 2563 citations
3. 3.DESI DR2 results. II. Measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations and cosmological constraintsM. Abdul Karim, J. Aguilar, S. P. Ahlen et al. · 2025 · 528 citations
4. 4.Dark Matter as a Topological Vacuum CondensatePlanck Collaboration, N. Aghanim, Y. Akrami et al. · 2026 · 3703 citations
5. 5.Review of Particle PhysicsS. Navas, C. Amsler, Th. Gutsche et al. · 2024 · 3212 citations
6. 6.<i>Euclid</i>Y Mellier, Abdurro Uf, J.A. Acevedo Barroso et al. · 2024 · 522 citations
7. 7.Constraints on the sum of the neutrino masses in dynamical dark energy models with w(z)≥−1 are tighter than those obtained in ΛCDMSunny Vagnozzi, Suhail Dhawan, M. Gerbino et al. · 2018 · 240 citations
8. 8.The Banana Bridge - The Unitary Kinematic Solution to the Hubble Tension and the 1.618 x 137 Master LawEpperson, Arya · 2026 · 523 citations
9. 9.Local resolution of the Hubble tension: The impact of screened fifth forces on the cosmic distance ladderHarry Desmond, Bhuvnesh Jain, Jeremy Sakstein · 2019 · 134 citations
10. 10.Gravity in the era of equality: Towards solutions to the Hubble problem without fine-tuned initial conditionsMiguel Zumalacárregui · 2020 · 104 citations